The genial gene by Joan Roughgarden

Author:Joan Roughgarden
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: University of California Press

41. N.K. Michiels and L.J. Newman, "Sex and Violence in Hermaphrodites," Nature 391 (1998): 547.

42. Nils Anthes and Nico K. Michiels, "Precopulatory Stabbing, Hypodermic Injections and Unilateral Copulations in a Hermaphroditic Sea Slug," Biology Letters 3 (2007): 121-124.

43. Michiels, "Sex and Violence in Hermaphrodites," 547.

44. S. Milius, "Hermaphrodites Duel for Manhood," Science News Online, 14 February 1998, http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/2_14_98/fob2.htm.

These behavioral studies have been supplemented with mathematical modeling purporting to show that an enhanced evolutionary escalation to violence occurs in hermaphrodites compared with separate-sex species.46 The authors write, "Hermaphrodites can outweigh losses in the female function by gaining paternity .... Hence, hermaphrodites are more prone to be caught in costly escalations than gonochorists." Wife beating in hermaphrodites is meaner than wife beating in separately sexed animals. But then the authors acknowledge they have considered only one side of the issue: "Only harm to the female function was considered ... harming the male function was not considered here, as it is a form of male-male competition, which cannot take place between a female and male sexual partner." Sexual conflict as used by these authors is code for males inflicting pain on the female without considering the reverse possibility. Overall, the narrative of enhanced sexual conflict in hermaphrodites relative to separate-sex species is a tall story supported with selected examples and superficial modeling.

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